Lookingattoday`sIndia,allthechallengesitfacescoulddatebacktocolonialtimesandeventheearlydaysofIndiancivilization.AtthetimetheBritish-colonizedIndia,manyareaswerestillunderthecontrolofkingsbelongingtodifferentindigenousgroups,andsomewerefunctioningwellbecausetheyhadtheirowntaxationsystems.InChina,asearlyas2,000yearsago,theQinDynasty(221BC-206BC)achievedagrandunificationofthecountryandstartedatransformationfromthefeudalsystemtothecountysystem.

科技部最新数据显示，中国基8ARb研究经费投入快速增长，2012年为499亿元人民币，2016年已达到823亿元人民币。